Anthracnose

Every 2–3 days, look at every fruit. Small holes near the top of the fruit = caterpillars eating inside (very common in Ghana, treat fast). Sunken wet patches on ripe fruit = a disease. Black sunken patches on the bottom of fruit = the plant is short on calcium or you're watering unevenly.

Every 3 days, look at the fruits. Sunken dark spots = a fungal disease (very common after rain). Tiny holes in the fruits = fruit fly laid eggs inside. Pull and burn infected fruits — don't leave them on the plant or ground, they spread fast.

Once a month, dig a small test hole near a mound — if you see beetles or chewed-up bits in the soil, that's a yam beetle. Dark brown patches on leaves or stems = a leaf disease (anthracnose). Always plant clean, certified seed yam pieces — buying cheap, sick ones costs you the harvest.